A) The products coordinate with the aluminum chloride.
B) The starting material is frequently over-alkylated.
C) It requires high temperatures.
D) The conditions are too acidic.
F) B) and C)
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B
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A) For the elimination-addition pathway, the nucleophile becomes attached only at the site bearing the leaving group.
B) For the addition-elimination pathway, the nucleophile may become attached either at the site bearing the leaving group or at the site bearing the ortho hydrogen atom.
C) The elimination-addition mechanism is not as common as the addition-elimination mechanism.
D) In the addition-elimination mechanism, the aromatic ring first accepts a pair of electrons from a nucleophile to form a cationic intermediate.
F) All of the above
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A) I
B) None of these
C) III
D) II
F) None of the above
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A) IV
B) I
C) III
D) II
F) A) and D)
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A) Electron-withdrawing groups stabilize the intermediate carbanion, and lower the energy of the transition state.
B) When a nitro group is located meta to the halogen, the negative charge of the intermediate carbanion can be delocalized onto the NO2 group, thus stabilizing it.
C) Increasing the number of electron-withdrawing groups increases the reactivity of the aryl halide.
D) Increasing the electronegativity of the halogen increases the reactivity of the aryl halide.
F) A) and C)
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A) KMnO4 2. HNO3, H2SO4 3.CH3Cl, AlCl3
B) CH3Cl, AlCl3 2. HNO3, H2SO4 3. KMnO4
C) HNO3, H2SO4 2. CH3Cl, AlCl3 3. KMnO4
D) KMnO4 2. CH3Cl, AlCl3 3. HNO3, H2SO4
F) A) and D)
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A) IV
B) II
C) I
D) III
F) C) and D)
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A) Zn(Hg) , HCl 2. CH3CH2C(O) Cl, AlCl3 3. HNO3, H2SO4
B) CH3CH2C(O) Cl, AlCl3 2. Zn(Hg) , HCl 3. HNO3, H2SO4
C) CH3CH2C(O) Cl, AlCl3 2. HNO3, H2SO4 3. Zn(Hg) , HCl
D) HNO3, H2SO4 2. CH3CH2C(O) Cl, AlCl3 3. Zn(Hg) , HCl
F) A) and B)
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C
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A) Because it is sterically very large
B) Because it removes more electron density from theortho andpara positions than themeta position, thus deactivating themeta position less
C) Because it adds electron density to themeta position, thus activating it
D) Because it stabilizes the intermediate cation
F) A) and C)
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A) IV
B) III
C) II
D) I
F) All of the above
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A) Use an alkyl halide without a Lewis acid catalyst.
B) Use a large excess of the Lewis acid catalyst.
C) Use a large excess of alkyl halide relative to the aromatic compound.
D) Use a large excess of benzene relative to the alkyl halide.
F) A) and C)
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D
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A) II
B) I
C) III
D) IV
F) B) and D)
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